09.+Subject+Analysis

(Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p.325) || **Association américaine de bibliothèque** (WorldLingo Translations, 2010) || **American Library Association (ALA)**Founded on October 6, 1876 during the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, the American Library Association was created to provide leadership for the development, promotion, and improvement of library and information services and the profession of librarianship in order to enhance learning and ensure access to information for all. Our current strategic plan, ALA Ahead to 2010, calls for continued work in the areas of Advocacy and Value of the Profession, Education, Public Policy and Standards, Building the Profession, Membership and Organizational Excellence.(American Library Association, 2010) || 20100909 || 22 ||
 * **American Library Association**


 * Bibliography**

American Library Association. (2010). //Mission and history.// Retrieved September 09, 2010, from http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/missionhistory/index.cfm

Taylor, A.G. & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information// (3 rd ed.)//.// Westport, Conn. :Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information science text series).

WorldLingo Translations. (2010). //Association américaine de bibliothèque//. Retrieved September 27, 2010, from http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/fr/American_Library_Association



**Bibliography** École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l'information (EBSI). (2002, October 16). Terminologie de base en sciences de l’information : volets 1 et 2//–// Vedette-matière. //Université de Montréal//. Retrieved November 5, 2010 from [] Taylor, A.G. & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information.// Westport, Conn.:Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information science text series).
 * **Subject Analysis** (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p.305) || Analyse documentaire (EBSI, 2002, ¶1 ) || The part of indexing or cataloguing that deals with the conceptual analysis of an information resource; the translation of that conceptual analysis into a framework for a particular classification, subject heading, or indexing system; and then using the framework to assign specific notations or terminology to the information resource and its surrogate record. (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 472) || 20101014 || 67 ||

(Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 315) ||  || Figure-Ground Method in deciding what a work is about is when one tries to determine a central figure that stands out from the background of the rest of the information resource. However, what stands out depends on the observer of the resource as well as its creator. What catches one's interest is not necessarily the same from person to person, and may not even be constant for the same person a few weeks later (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p .315) || 20101108 || 31 || Taylor, A.G. & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information.// Westport, Conn.:Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information science text series). ||
 * **Figure-Ground Method**
 * **Bibliography**


 * **Aboutness** (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 303) || **L'aboutness** (Brouillette, 1995, 2.5 L'aboutness et la localisation théorique du sujet/W.J. Hutchins) || **Aboutness** is a term first brought into the mainstream by W. John Hutchins in 1975, who used it as a replacement for the word "subject" to identify attributes describing the subject matter of an item in a knowledge/information system through subject analysis. He proposed this change in terminology as to avoid the connotations associated with the term "subject" and the particular bias it may provoke in a reader. The term itself originates from Fairthorne in 1969 who used it to make distinctions between "intentional aboutness" and "extensional aboutness", describing a difference between an authors view, and "the document aboutness as reflected semantically by actual units and parts of the text" (Hjørland, 2007, ¶1-6).

Significant work has been done on the theory of 'aboutness' with Hjørland arguing in 1992 that 'aboutness' and 'subject' are conceptually equivalent. Hjørland states that "neither the author's, the reader's,librarian's, information specialists, nor any other person's (for example the publisher's) points of view or subjective understanding can have any certain or objective knowledge about the subject of a document, nor define the concept of 'subject'" (p. 174) He hereby denies the idea of a purified and unbiased approach to subject analysis as promoted by Hutchins. || 20101104 || 29 || **Bibliography**

Brouillette, C. (1995). De la notion de thema ou de ce qui est posé dans un texte. //École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l'information//. Récupérée le 4 Novembre 2010 à http://www.ebsi.umontreal.ca/cursus/vol1no1/brouillette.html.

Hjørland, B. (1992). The Concept of 'Subject' in Information Science. //Journal of Documentation, 48//(2). 172-200. Retrieved online on November 4th, 2010 from http://www.iva.dk/bh/core%20concepts%20in%20lis/1992JDOC_Subject.PDF.

Hjørland, B. (2007). Aboutness. //Det Informationsvidenskabelige Akademi//. Retrieved on November, 4th, 2010 from http://www.iva.dk/bh/core%20concepts%20in%20lis/articles%20a-z/aboutness.htm.

Taylor, A. G. & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information//. Westport, Conn.:Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information science text series).

(Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2010, ¶ 1) || Semantic web is an extension of the current web where computers understand web content without relying solely on keyword strings. It is believed if computers could better understand sites, than they can deliver more precise information retrieval for humans (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 470).
 * **Semantic Web** (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 303) || **Web sémantique  **

The term was proposed by Tim Berners Lee in 2001 and since then technology standards have been developed by the W3C (Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2010, Le Web sémantique, ¶ 1). Semantic Web also refers to a means to share data across applications so for example, your dated photographs could appear as a line item in the electronic calendar application you use (Herman, 2010, Introduction,¶ 1). || 201011046 || 96 || **Bibliography** Bibliothèque nationale de France. (2010). Web sémantique, Web de données. Disponible en ligne à http://www.bnf.fr/fr/professionnels/web_semantique_donnees/s.web_semantique_intro.html Herman, I. (2010, February 6). W3C Semantic Web Activity. Retrieved from http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/

Taylor, A.G. & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). The organization of information. Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information science text series).

** Bibliography ** Taylor, A. G. & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information//. Westport, Conn.:Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information science text series).
 * **Summarization** (Taylor & Joudry, 2009, p.310) ||  || Summarization identifies only a dominant, overall subject of the item, recognizing only concepts embodied in the main theme. In library cataloging, subject analysis has traditionally been carried out at the summarization level. In the cataloging of books and serials in libraries, the cataloger generally attempts to find the one overall subject concept that encompasses the whole item. Summarization allows for document retrieval, after which many users consult the document's internal index to retrieve the relevant information they need from the document (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p.310). The summarization approach is very useful in retrieving tangible resource (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p.312). || 20101106 || 58 ||

(Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 310) || **Indexation approfondie** (Hudon, 1997, p. 82) || “An indexing system that attempts to extract //all// the concepts covered in a work, including any subtopics, as opposed to //summarization//, in which a work is indexed only under its dominant subject. Library catalogers have traditionally looked for the single concept that best describes the entire content of an item, leaving depth indexing to commercial services that index parts of items (articles in periodicals, book chapters, essays in collections)” (Reitz, 2010). “Depth indexing is distinguished from general indexing, which provide access to the broad subjects treated by a document as a whole. For example, general indexing may create entries for the author, recipient, and possibly a few subjects of a letter; depth indexing might provide access to every name mentioned in the letter” (SAA, 2010). Depth indexing allows retrieval of sections or paragraphs in a document and generally increase precision because used terminology is more specific (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009,p. 310, 311). || 20101107 || 18 || **Bibliography** Depth indexing. (2010). In SAA, Society of American Archivists (ed.), //Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology//. Retrieved November 07, 2010 from http://www2.archivists.org/glossary/terms/d/depth-indexing
 * **Term** || **Traduction française** || **Defenition** || **Date** || **no** ||
 * **Depth indexing**

Hudon, M. (1997). Indexation et langages documentaries dans les milieux archivistiques à l’ère des nouvelles technologies de l’information. //Archives//, 29(1). Retrieved November 07, 2010 from []

Reitz, J. M. (2010). Depth indexing. In //ODLIS- Onlide Dictionary for Library and Information Science.// retrieved November 07, 2010 from []

Taylor, A.G., & Joudrey, D. N.(2009). The organization of information, (3rd ed.). Wesport, conn.: Libraries Unlimited.


 * **Ontology** (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 357) || **Ontologie** (Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), 2010) || "It is a formal representation of language that identifies specific terms, usually from a defined subject area and lays out the relationships that exist between the terms. " (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 466)

"A formal description of explicit concepts in a domain of discourse. It defines a common vocaulary for researchers who need to share information in a specific field. It contains machine readable field concepts and the relationships associated with them. "(BnF, 2010)

Ontolgoies are major components in applications and are used in the building of Web data (BnF, 2010) || 20101110 || 86 || Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF). 2010. É//laborations d'ontologies.// Retrieved on November 7, 2010 from []
 * Bibliography**

Taylor, Arlene G. and Joudrey, Daniel N. (2009). //The organization of information.// (3rd ed.) Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information science text series).

(Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 310) || **Exhaustivité ** (AMICUS No. 32930507 Monograph, 2003, ¶2) || **Exhaustivity** of a document description is the coverage of its various topics given by the terms assigned to it (Jones, 2004, p. 493). Two basic degrees of exhaustivity are depth indexing and summarization (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 455). || 20101108 || 53 ||
 * **Exhaustivity **
 * Bibliography **

AMICUS No. 32930507 Monograph. (2003). AMICUS Canadian National Catalogue. Retrieved online []

Jones, K. S. (2004). A statistical interpretation of term specificity and its application in retrieval. //Journal of Documentation//, 60 (5) 1. Retrieved online []

Taylor, A.G., & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information// (3rd ed.)//.// Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information science text series).

(Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 317) || **Analyse conceptuelle** || Conceptual analysis comprises three interconnected components: an examination of the physical item (or the display of an electronic item), an examination of the intellectual or creative content, and numerous simultaneously performed stages of aboutness determinantion. (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 317) || 20101108 || 64 || Taylor, A.G., & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information// (3rd ed.)//.// Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information science text series).
 * **Conceptual Analysis**


 * **Tagging**
 * <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">(Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 303) ** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Étiquetage**
 * <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">(Biblioth ** è **<span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">que et Archives Canada, 2003, ¶7 Diapo 1) ** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Tagging is a process by which a distributed mass of users applies keywords to various types of Web-based resources for the purposes of collaborative information organization and retrieval. Tagging allows individual users to group similar resources together by using their own terms or labels, with few or no restrictions. Tagging can also be referred to as //user tagging//, //social tagging//, and //social indexing//. (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 474) ** || 20101108 || 26 ||

<span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**Bibliography**

Bibliothèque et Archives Canada. (2003). //Forum sur les metadonnees au Canada : Bibliotheque nationale du Canada le 19 septembre 2003//. Retrieved from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/014005/f2/014005-223.2-f.pdf

<span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Taylor, A. G. & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information//. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">**Primary or natural Subject matter**(Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p.309) || Sujet principale || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">First level of conceptual analysis of non-textual information. It is the pre-iconographic or “factual” level in which objects and events are identified. (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p.309) || 20101108 || 62 ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">Taylor, A. G., & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information// (3rd ed.). Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information sciences text series).

Taylor, A.G. & Joudrey, D.N. (2009). The organization of information. Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information sciences text series).
 * Subject Analysis Committee (SAS) (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 325) || Comité d’analyse sujet (Applied Language Solutions) || [The purpose of the SAS of the ALA is] to study problems and recommend improvements in patterns, methods, and tools for the subject analysis and organization of library materials, including particularly classification and subject headings systems, and to provide liaison for those areas of interest between Cataloging and Classification section CCS and other ALA and non-ALA organizations that have an interest in and concern for these activities. (ALCTS CSS) || 20101109 || 093 ||

Applied Language Solutions. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.appliedlanguage.com/free_translation.shtml

ALCTS CCS Subject Analysis Committee (Cataloging and Classification Section. (2008). //American Library Association//. Retrieved from http://connect.ala.org/node/64185 =


 * **Hierarchical classification** (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 328) || **Classification Hiérarchique** (Salaün & Arsenault, 2009, p. 121) || A subject concept arrangement that follows the classical theory of categorization, creating categories from general to specific. See also Taxonomy. (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 458) || 20101109 || 38 ||

Taylor, A.G. & Joudrey, D.N. (2009). //The Organization of Informatio//n. Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information sciences text series).

Salaün, J. M. & Arsenault, C. (Eds.). (2009). //Introduction aux sciences de l'information.// Montréal: Les Presses de L'Université de Montréal.

(Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 305) || Aboutness statement || " A single sentence or a short paragraph describing and summarizing one's understanding of a resource's aboutness, the form/genre, and the relationships among the important subject concepts. The aboutness statement i used to identity the terms or concepts to be searched in the controlled vocabulary. The statement can also help the cataloger to construct a rudimentary hierarchy to get a better understanding of how the concepts fit together and how the might fit into a scheme of classification."<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">(Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p.441) || 20101109 || 47 || <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**Bibliography** Taylor, A.G. & Joudrey, D.N. (2009). //The Organization of Informatio//n. Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited. (Library and information sciences text series).
 * **Aboutness statement**


 * **Term in English** || **Traduction française** || **Definition** || **Date** || **No.** ||
 * **Cohesion method** (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 316) || **Méthode de cohésion** || One of the four methods described by Patrick Wilson which are intended to help one understand what a work is about. It should be noted that while the methods were devised by Wilson, they have been named by Taylor and Joudrey (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 315). The cohesion method looks at the unity of the work's content. To use this method, one "tries to determine what holds the work together, what content has been included, and what has been left out of the treatment of the topic" (2009, p. 315). To effectively use this method, the observer must maintain objectivity, and must be knowledgeable about the subject in order to identify omissions. Because total - and shared - objectivity is so difficult to achieve, a work can appear to be unified in many different ways. The ideal of a "completely unified presentation" is rarely achieved, even by the creators of the work (2009, p. 315). || 20101109 || 72 ||


 * Bibliography**

Taylor, A. G., & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information// (3rd ed.)//.// Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited.

(Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 305) || Thésaurus des arts et de l'architecture (AAT) (Réseau canadien d’information sur le patrimoine, n.d.) || The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN), the Union List of Artist Names (ULAN), and the Cultural Objects Name Authority (CONA) are structured vocabularies that can be used to improve access to information about art, architecture, and material culture. […]The four Getty vocabularies are intended to provide terminology and other information about the objects, artists, concepts, and places important to various disciplines that specialize in art, architecture and material culture. The AAT contains generic terms to describe these subjects. The AAT contains no iconographic subjects and no proper names. That is, each concept is a case of many (a generic thing), not a case of one (a specific thing). For example, the generic term cathedral is in the AAT, but the specific proper name Chartres Cathedral is out of scope for the AAT. The primary users of the Getty vocabularies include museums, art libraries, archives, visual resource collection catalogers, bibliographic projects concerned with art, researchers in art and art history, and the information specialists who are dealing with the needs of these users. In addition, a significant number of users of the Getty vocabularies are students or members of the general public. (Art & Architecture Thesaurus Online, 2010) || 20101109 || 12 || References:
 * Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)

Art & Architecture Thesaurus Online. (2010). //About the AAT//. Retrieved November 9, 2010, from http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat/about.html Réseau canadien d’information sur le patrimoine. (n.d.). //Vocabulaire et classification//. Retrieved November 9, 2010, from http://www.pro.rcip-chin.gc.ca/normes-standards/vocabulaire_vocabulaires-vocabulary_vocabulary-fra.jsp#aat Taylor, A. G., & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information (Library and Information Science Text Series) (3rd. ed).// Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited.

Reference: Taylor, A. G., & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information (Library and Information Science Text Series) (3rd. ed).// Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited.
 * Term || Term in French || Definition || Date || Number ||
 * Nontextual Information (Taylor, 2009, p. 320) || Information pas de texte || Information found upon examination of the representation or representation of information. Some nontextual resources are manufactured commercially and include accompanying materials such as boxes with text, booklets, instruction sheets, labels, and so on. Electronic nontangible information resources that are basically pictures or other forms of artistic work quite often have captions that explain something about them in text form. For individual works or objects with no accompanying text however, one must examine the items themselves, and translating ideas to words can be difficult, if not impossible, without special training (Taylor, 2009, p. 320). || 20101109 || 15 ||

(Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 305) || **En-tête de la bibliothèque du Congrès (LCSH)** (Open Web Group, 2010, para. 9) || A list of terms to be used as controlled vocabulary for subject headings created by the Library of Congress and used by any agency that wishes to provide controlled subject access to surrogate records (Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p. 462). || 20101109 || 75 ||
 * //**Library of Congress Subject**//
 * //Headings// (LCSH)**
 * Bibliography**

Open Web Group. (2010). // Métadonnées et Dublin Core //. Retrieved November 9, 2010 from []

Taylor, A. G., & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information// (3rd ed.). Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited.

(Taylor & Joudrey, 2009, p.313) || **Objectivité** || In the context of cataloging, objectivity is an ethical issue all catalogers must keep in mind as they analyze their work despite any personal, ideological biases they may have. Joudrey notes that this is not always possible, as demonstrated in study concerning "aboutness determination", wherein 75% of the LIS students participating were found to be judging at least one of three test resources given to them (2009, p.313). Taylor and Joudrey note the importance of the fact that each individual comes from a different background, thus their point of view and the way they analyze documents will vary (Ibid).
 * Term || Traduction || Definition || Date || Number ||
 * **Objectivity**

Problems with objectivity in information organization can also be seen in the design and structure of certain organization schemes, such as the original DDC- which was heavily skewed to favor European and American topics (Kua, 2004, p. 258). || 20101110 || 84 ||
 * Bibliography**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kua, E. (2004). Non-Western Languages and Literatures in the Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme. Libri, 54(4), 256-65.

Taylor, A. G., & Joudrey, D. N. (2009). //The organization of information// (3rd ed.). Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited